Extraction of mandibular third molars: relationship of preoperative anxiety with body mass index, serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels, and visual analog scale scores and predictors of postoperative complications.

Objectives: Patients undergoing oral surgery exhibit high anxiety, which may elevate their cortisol levels and affect postoperative recovery. Overweight patients are often encountered in the dental clinic due to the increasing prevalence of overweight. We aimed to investigate the relationships between preoperatively assessed body mass index (BMI), serum cortisol and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels, and visual analog scale (VAS) scores and preoperative anxiety in patients undergoing mandibular third molar (MM3) extraction and to identify predictors of postoperative complications. Patients and Methods: We analyzed 43 patients (age, 20-42 years) undergoing MM3 extraction. At the first visit, patients completed the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) and Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale (APAIS) questionnaires. Their BMI and VAS scores were also calculated. The participants underwent blood tests 1 hour before MM3 extraction. On the first postoperative day, the participants' VAS scores and serum hs-CRP levels were reevaluated. Results: We found that BMI was significantly correlated with preoperative VAS scores. Further, BMI and preoperative hs-CRP levels were significantly correlated among women and patients undergoing extractions of fully impacted MM3s. No correlations were found between serum cortisol and other variables. The preoperative MDAS and VAS scores were significantly positively correlated, especially among patients undergoing extractions of fully impacted MM3s. Multiple linear regression showed that BMI and the eruption status of the MM3 were significant predictors of postoperative hs- CRP levels and VAS scores, respectively. Conclusion: In MM3 removals, patients with higher BMI showed elevated hs-CRP and higher VAS scores before surgery. Patients with higher anxiety among those undergoing extractions of fully impacted MM3s showed higher preoperative VAS scores. The two main predictors of postoperative complications were BMI and MM3 eruption status.

The double-barrier technique using platelet-rich fibrin for closure of oroantral fistulas.

An oroantral fistula (OAF) or oroantral communication (OAC) is an opening between the oral cavity and the maxillary sinus. If left untreated, these openings may cause chronic maxillary sinusitis. Although small defects (diameter <5 mm) may close spontaneously, larger communications require surgical intervention. Various studies have been conducted on OAC closure using a platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) membrane; most of these prior studies have involved simple direct application of PRF clots. This study introduces a new "double-barrier technique" using PRF for closure of an OAF involving sinus mucosal lifting and closure. The PRF material is inserted into the prepared maxillary sinus space, and the buccal advancement flap covers the oral side. This technique was successfully used to treat two patients with chronic OAF in the posterior maxillary region after implant removal or tooth extraction. The use of a PRF membrane in a double-barrier technique may have advantages in soft-tissue healing and could enable easy closure of chronic OAF with minimal trauma.

Mortality scoring systems for liver transplant recipients: before and after model for end-stage liver disease score.

The mortality scoring systems for patients with end-stage liver disease have evolved from the Child-Turcotte-Pugh score to the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score, affecting the wait list for liver allocation. There are inherent weaknesses in the MELD score, with the gradual decline in its accuracy owing to changes in patient demographics or treatment options. Continuous refinement of the MELD score is in progress; however, both advantages and disadvantages exist. Recently, attempts have been made to introduce artificial intelligence into mortality prediction; however, many challenges must still be overcome. More research is needed to improve the accuracy of mortality prediction in liver transplant recipients.

Efficacy of preoxygenation with end-tidal oxygen when using different oxygen concentrations in patients undergoing general surgery: a single-center retrospective observational study.

BACKGROUND: Preoxygenation is a simple but very important procedure for preventing arterial desaturation. A higher fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) increases atelectasis and 80% oxygen results in significantly less atelectasis than 100% oxygen. We investigated whether there was a difference in the duration of adequate preoxygenation when using 100% and 80% oxygen. The proportion of patients for whom >3 min was required to achieve adequate preoxygenation was also investigated. METHODS: The VitalDB database of patients underwent general surgery between February 1, 2021 and November 12, 2021 was reviewed. The time between the start of preoxygenation and the point where a 10% difference between FiO2 and end-tidal oxygen (EtO2) was defined as the preoxygenation time. The patients were classified into 100% and 80% groups according to the oxygen concentration. Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed to control for potential confounding factors. RESULTS: Only 330 of the 1,377 patients had sufficient data for analysis: 179 in the 80% group and 151 in the 100% group. After PSM, 143 patients in each group were analyzed. The median preoxygenation time was 143 s [interquartile range (IQR): 120.5-181.5 s] and 144 s (IQR: 109.75-186.25 s) in the 80% and 100% groups, respectively [P=0.605; median difference =-1 s; 95% confidence interval (CI): -13 to 10]. Of the patients, 27% required >3 min for adequate preoxygenation. CONCLUSIONS: No difference in preoxygenation time was found between the 80% and 100% groups. For some patients, breathing for 3 min is not sufficient for adequate preoxygenation. EtO2 monitoring aids evaluation of whether preoxygenation was adequate.

Successful extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in a patient with central airway obstruction due to an endotracheal mass.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) assists blood circulation and gas exchange via a heart-lung machine. ECMO is used mainly in intensive care units as bridging therapy until heart and respiratory failure can be addressed or until transplantation can be performed. ECMO is sometimes used during surgery under general anaesthesia, depending on the patient's underlying diseases and the nature of the operation. If the oxygen supply and carbon dioxide removal capacity are limited, venovenous (VV)-ECMO can be helpful. Here, we describe the use of VV-ECMO for surgical resection of an endotracheal mass through rigid bronchoscopy in a patient who developed decompensating dyspnoea due to central airway obstruction (CAO).

Sedation for magnetic resonance imaging in the prone position - A report of four cases.

BACKGROUND: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a useful tool, but it can be difficult to perform in those with claustrophobia as it requires being enclosed in a noisy cylindrical space. Being in the prone position is essential to spread breast tissue. However, sedation in a prone position is challenging because of the possibility of respiratory depression and the difficulty in manipulating the airway. CASE: Four patients with claustrophobia were sedated using dexmedetomidine, has minimal effect on respiration. Dexmedetomidine also enables the patient's cooperation in assuming the prone position while infusing loading time. But dexmedetomidine requires a longer time to reach moderate sedation, an intermittent bolus of midazolam was required for rapid induction of moderate sedation. All exams were conducted successfully without any complications. CONCLUSIONS: Administering dexmedetomidine and a midazolam bolus at the appropriate dose and timing will render MRI examinations in the prone position safe and satisfactory, without respiratory complications.

Intraoperative use of noninvasive ventilation during spinal anaesthesia in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease undergoing orthopaedic surgery: A case report.

Compared with invasive mechanical ventilation, noninvasive ventilation (NIV) improves patient comfort and neurocognitive function; and reduces the likelihood of nosocomial infections and the need for sedation. NIV can also be used perioperatively to prevent postoperative pulmonary complications. This current report describes a case of a 64-year-old female patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic respiratory failure that underwent spinal anaesthesia during surgery. She was sedated with propofol. She brought her home ventilator equipment to the operating room and it was used in biphasic-positive airway pressure mode for immediate treatment of respiratory depression.

Patient blood management when blood is not an option: a report of two cases.

There are many patients who refuse to receive blood transfusions for religious or other reasons. Bloodless medicine and surgery are no longer new concept, but patients who refuse blood transfusion are still transferred to the bloodless center, regardless of patients' intention, for treatment. Here, we discuss the need for patient blood management when blood is not an option to treat them. Two patients of advanced age were transferred to our bloodless center due to refusal of transfusion. They are Jehovah's Witnesses and refused to receive blood transfusion despite life-threatening anemia and severe underlying diseases. Patient blood management protocols including iron supplementation, subcutaneous erythropoietin, folic acid and vitamin B were implemented to improve hematopoiesis, and supportive care was also performed to treat underlying diseases. Levels of Hemoglobin/Hematocrit and their symptom gradually improved about a week after treatment, and their condition had gradually stabilized. They were discharged safely. We treated patients of advanced age with severe underlying diseases and life-threatening anemia using patient blood management due to refusal of a blood transfusion. The patient blood management may be a useful alternative strategy, which meet the needs of patients who refuse blood transfusions as well as the need to reduce the use of blood products due to limited supply.

Apnoeic oxygenation using transnasal humidified rapid-insufflation ventilatory exchange during rigid bronchoscopy: a report of four cases.

General anaesthesia with a muscle relaxant is usually performed for rigid bronchoscopy (RB), but ventilation is challenging due to large amounts of leakage. Optiflow™ supplies 100% humidified, warmed oxygen at a rate of up to 70 l/min and this high flow rate may overcome the leakage problem. This case report describes four patients that were scheduled for RB. The lung lesions were all located below the carina, so a bronchial tube was inserted under general anaesthesia. Once a large amount of leakage was confirmed by manual ventilation, Optiflow™ was connected to the bronchial tube (flow rate, 70 l/min). All of the ports of the bronchoscopy were left open to prevent the risk of outlet obstruction. Oxygenation was well maintained with stable vital signs throughout the procedures, which took up to 34 min without airway intervention. There were no occurrences of cardiac arrhythmia or changes in the electrocardiograms. Respiratory acidosis recovered after emergence, which was confirmed by arterial blood gas analysis in all cases. Apnoeic oxygenation using Optiflow™ was applied successfully during RB. Applying Optiflow™ could make cases of difficult ventilation during RB much easier for the anaesthetist. Larger studies need to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of this technique.

Unstable Pathologic Vertebral Fractures in Multiple Myeloma : Propensity Score Matched Cohort Study between Reconstructive Surgery with Adjuvant Radiotherapy and Radiotherapy Alone.

OBJECTIVE: Although radiotherapy (RT) is recommended for multiple myeloma (MM) involving spine, the treatment of choice between reconstructive surgery with RT and RT alone for pathologic vertebral fractures (PVFs) associated with structural instability or neurologic compromises remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacies of reconstructive surgery with adjuvant RT for treatment of MM with PVFs by comparing with matched cohorts treated with RT alone. METHODS: Twenty-eight patients underwent reconstructive surgery followed by RT between 2008 and 2015 in a single institution, for management of PVFs associated with structural instability of the spine and/or neurologic compromises (group I). Twentyeight patients were treated with RT alone (group II) after propensity score matching in a 1-to-1 format based on instability of the spine, as well as age and performance. Clinical outcomes including the overall survival rates, duration of independent ambulation, neurological status, and numeric rating scale (NRS) for back pain were compared. RESULTS: Clinical and radiological features before treatment were similar in both groups. The median survival period was similar between the two groups. However, the mean duration of independent ambulation was significantly longer in group I (88.8 months; 95% confidence interval [CI], 66.0-111.5) than in group II (39.4 months; 95% CI, 25.2-53.6) (log rank test; p=0.022). Deterioration of Frankel grade (21.4% vs. 60.7%, p=0.024) and NRS for back pain (2.7±2.2 vs. 5.0±2.7, p=0.000) at the last follow-up were higher in the group II. Treatment-related complications were similar in both groups. CONCLUSION: In patients with unstable PVFs due to MM, reconstructive surgery may yield superior clinical outcomes compared with RT alone in maintaining independent ambulation and neurological status, as well as pain control despite similar median survival and complications.

Impact of Bilateral Subcostal Plus Lateral Transversus Abdominis Plane Block on Quality of Recovery After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Previous research has not evaluated the potential effect of transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block on quality of recovery following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Therefore, we investigated whether addition of the bilateral subcostal and lateral TAP (bilateral dual TAP [BD-TAP]) blocks to multimodal analgesia would improve the quality of recovery as assessed with the Quality of Recovery-40 (QoR-40). METHODS: Patients age 18 to 60 years who were scheduled to undergo elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomized to the BD-TAP or control group. The BD-TAP group received the BD-TAP block with multimodal analgesia under general anesthesia, using 0.25% ropivacaine, and the control group was treated with the same method, except that they received the sham block using 0.9% normal saline. Both groups had the same multimodal analgesia regimen, consisting of intravenous dexamethasone, propacetamol, ibuprofen, and oxycodone. The primary outcome was the QoR-40 score at 24 hours after surgery. Data were analyzed using the independent t test, Mann-Whitney U test, χ2 test, and Fisher exact test. RESULTS: Thirty-eight patients in each group were recruited. The mean QoR-40 score decreased by 13.6 (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.3-18.8) in the BD-TAP group and 15.6 (95% CI, 6.7-24.5) in the control group. The postoperative QoR-40 score at 24 hours after surgery did not differ between the 2 groups (BD-TAP group, median [interquartile range], 170.5 [152-178]; control group, 161 [148-175]; median difference, 3 [95% CI, -5 to 13]; P = .427). There were no differences between the 2 groups in the pain dimension of the QoR-40: 30.5 (95% CI, 27-33) in the BD-TAP group and 31 (95% CI, 26-32) in the control group; median difference was 0 (95% CI, -2 to 2); P = .77. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that the BD-TAP block does not improve the quality of recovery or analgesic outcomes following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Our results do not support the routine use of the BD-TAP block for this surgery.

Successful use of ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve block for lower limb surgery in a patient with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a case report.

The number of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is increasing. These patients have a reduced cardiorespiratory reserve. Therefore, preoperative evaluation is essential to determine the best type of anaesthesia to use in patients with HFrEF. A 70-year-old man with HFrEF was scheduled to undergo debridement of skin necrosis due to thrombotic occlusion of the right common iliac artery. He had undergone wound dressing changes under local anaesthesia every other day for several months, and treatment for heart failure was on-going. A sciatic nerve and fascia iliaca compartment block was performed under ultrasound guidance because of the patient's cardiopulmonary function. After confirming adequate sensory blockage, surgery was performed without any haemodynamic instability or complications. Thereafter, debridement was performed twice more using the same block technique, and a skin autograft was also successfully performed. We successfully performed an ultrasound-guided sciatic nerve and fascia iliaca compartment block in a patient with HFrEF who was scheduled to undergo lower limb surgery. Peripheral nerve block is an alternative option for patients with HFrEF.

Primary radial nerve palsy associated with humeral shaft fractures according to injury mechanism: is early exploration needed?

BACKGROUND: Radial nerve palsy is a common complication associated with humeral shaft fractures. The purposes of this study were (1) to evaluate the status of primary radial nerve palsy in patients with humeral shaft fracture according to injury mechanism, (2) to estimate the risk factors of primary RNP, and (3) to evaluate whether early exploration is helpful for radial nerve recovery. METHODS: This study analyzed 162 patients with humeral shaft fractures from January 2014 to December 2019. All patients were surgically treated in our hospital. Of these, 109 high-energy injuries were identified and compared with 53 low-energy injuries. The risk factors of radial nerve palsy were analyzed, and the prevalence of radial nerve palsy and status of radial nerve exploration according to injury mechanism were evaluated. Nerve recovery rate according to early nerve exploration was investigated. RESULTS: There were 31 cases of radial nerve palsy among 162 patients: 27 in the high-energy humeral shaft fracture group and 4 in the low-energy humeral shaft fracture group. Logistic regression analysis for risk factors showed that the injury mechanism was significantly associated with primary radial nerve palsy. Among 31 radial nerve palsy patients, 21 radial nerves were explored and 19 radial nerves recovered completely (80.6%). In the high-energy humeral shaft fracture group, 18 radial nerves were explored during surgery among 27 radial nerve palsy cases, and 16 cases recovered (88.9%). The other 9 radial nerves were not explored, and only 5 cases recovered (55.6%). CONCLUSIONS: This study confirmed that the incidence of radial nerve paralysis was higher in high-energy humeral shaft fractures than in low-energy fractures. The more common fracture patterns were oblique, transverse, wedge, and comminuted in high-energy humeral shaft fracture. This study suggests that these patterns are not directly associated with radial nerve palsy, but that high-energy injury is associated with a specific fracture pattern. Early nerve exploration during surgical treatment in patients with radial nerve palsy associated with humeral shaft fracture was helpful especially after high-energy injury.

Refracture after locking compression plate removal in displaced midshaft clavicle fractures after bony union: a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: A midshaft clavicle fracture is a common fracture that typically responds well to open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). However, refracture can occur after implant removal (IR). This study aimed to analyze the rate of refracture and related factors after removal of the locking compression plate (LCP) for displaced midshaft clavicle fractures. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 201 patients who had undergone ORIF with LCP for midshaft clavicle fractures after IR after bony union from January 2011 to May 2018 at our institute. We evaluated basic demographic characteristics and radiographic parameters. All patients were treated with an LCP for primary fracture. The patients were divided into two groups: a refracture group that experienced a second fracture within 1 year after IR and a no-fracture group. RESULTS: There were four cases (1.99%) of refracture; three were treated conservatively, while one was treated surgically. All patients achieved bony union. The average interval between refracture and IR was 64 days (range, 6-210 days). There was a significant difference in classification of fractures (AO Foundation/Orthopaedic Trauma Association [AO/OTA] classification) between the two groups. However, other patient demographics and radiographic measurements between refracture and IR, such as bone diameter, showed no significant difference between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that one in 50 patients suffered from refracture after removal of the LCP. Thus, if patients desire IR, the surgeon should explain that there is a relatively higher possibility of refracture for cases with simple or segmental fractures than for other types of fracture.

A Novel Approach to Derive the Predicted No-Effect Concentration (PNEC) of Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) Using the Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) Method: Suggestion of a New PNEC Value for BP-3.

The necessity for the aquatic ecological risk assessment for benzophenone-3 (BP-3) is increasing due to its high toxic potential and high detection frequency in freshwater. The initial step in the ecological risk assessment is to determine predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC). This study derived PNEC of BP-3 in freshwater using a species sensitivity distribution (SSD) approach, whilst existing PNECs are derived using assessment factor (AF) approaches. A total of eight chronic toxicity values, obtained by toxicity testing and a literature survey, covering four taxonomic classes (fish, crustaceans, algae, and cyanobacteria) were used for PNEC derivation. Therefore, the quantity and quality of the toxicity data met the minimum requirements for PNEC derivation using an SSD approach. The PNEC derived in this study (73.3 µg/L) was far higher than the environmental concentration detected in freshwater (up to 10.4 µg/L) as well as existing PNECs (0.67~1.8 µg/L), mainly due to the difference in the PNEC derivation methodology (i.e., AF vs. SSD approach). Since the SSD approach is regarded as more reliable than the AF approach, we recommend applying the PNEC value derived in this study for the aquatic ecological risk assessment of BP-3, as the use of the existing PNEC values seems to unnecessarily overestimate the potential ecological risk of BP-3 in freshwater.

Ecological risk assessment of microplastics in coastal, shelf, and deep sea waters with a consideration of environmentally relevant size and shape.

This study assessed the ecological risk posed by microplastics in surface and subsurface seawaters in coastal, continental shelf, and deep-sea areas of South Korea. The target microplastics for risk assessment were specified as only non-spherical type microplastics in the size range 20-300 µm, because this type was predominantly observed in our study areas, and adverse biological effects have previously been reported. Exposure data for non-spherical microplastics were obtained from a previous study or were measured for microplastics of sizes down to 20 µm. A predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) of 12 particles/L was derived by employing a species sensitivity distribution approach. Then the results were compared to the in situ observed concentrations at each site. The detected microplastic concentrations did not exceed the derived PNEC, i.e., the current pollution levels of fragment and fiber microplastics in the size range 20-300 µm would not pose a significant threat to the marine ecosystem in South Korea. However, predictions are that microplastic pollution will increase to 50-fold by 2100 at the current rates, and in this scenario, the microplastic concentration is expected to far exceed the derived PNEC values for marine ecosystems. It is therefore urgent to take precautionary actions to prevent a further increase in microplastic concentrations in these environments.

A novel application of Transnasal Humidified Rapid Insufflation Ventilatory Exchange via the oral route in morbidly obese patient during monitored anesthesia care - A case report.

BACKGROUND: Transnasal Humidified Rapid Insufflation Ventilatory Exchange (THRIVE) is used to improve oxygenation, with the added benefit of a smaller increase in CO2 if self-respiration is maintained with THRIVE. Despite these advantages, the use of THRIVE through a nasal cannula is limited in situations such as epistaxis or a basal skull fracture. CASE: We successful used THRIVE, through the oral route under general anesthesia with spontaneous breathing in a morbidly obese patient (weight, 148 kg; height, 183 cm; body mass index, 44.2 kg/m2) who received transnasal steroid injections due to subglottic stenosis. CONCLUSIONS: THRIVE through the oral route may be an effective novel option, although further studies are needed.

Ultrasound-guided pulsed radiofrequency treatment for distal suprascapular neuropathy: A case report.

RATIONALE: Suprascapular neuropathy is a rare cause of shoulder pain, and patients usually presents with posterosuperior shoulder pain and weakness on forward flexion and external rotation. Suprascapular neuropathy associated with rotator cuff pathology has received attention as an emerging cause of this condition. Suprascapular nerve (SSN) block can be used in these patients, and pulsed radio frequency (PRF) can be applied to achieve a long-term effect. Several studies have reported on PRF treatment of the SSN for shoulder pain, but most applied treatment to the nerve trunk under the transverse scapular ligament. This report describes a patient with suprascapular neuropathy treated with selective application of PRF to the distal SSN under ultrasound guidance. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 68-year-old woman suffered from right posterior shoulder pain after traumatic full thickness rotator cuff tear. Her pain was not diminished despite of 2 surgeries. DIAGNOSES: She was diagnosed with entrapment of the distal SSN in the spino-glenoid (SGN) notch and suprascapular neuropathy. INTERVENTIONS: She underwent surgery to decompress the entrapped SSN in the SGN. After that, we applied PRF on the distal SSN under ultrasound guidance for persistent pain. This treatment was repeated 3 times. OUTCOMES: PRF treatment resulted in a slight reduction in the visual analogue scale (VAS) pain score from 7-8/10 to 5-6/10 at the 2 weeks follow-up, and to 2-3/10 at the 1 month follow-up. The reduction in pain was maintained at the 1 year follow-up. LESSONS: PRF treatment of the SSN is typically approached from the main branch in the suprascapular notch. We selectively applied PRF to the distal SSN close to the SGN. This technique was safe and effective.

Twelfth rib syndrome: a case report.

Twelfth rib syndrome is a rare condition that causes severe pain in the loin. The diagnosis of this phenomenon is based on the patient's medical history and physical examination findings. However, many clinicians still lack an understanding of the disease; this delays an accurate diagnosis, causing patients to experience prolonged pain without proper treatment. We herein describe a 72-year-old woman and a 47-year-old woman with loin pain. They had undergone various imaging tests, but the cause of the pain remained unknown. Their pain was reproduced by the hooking maneuver, and twelfth rib syndrome was diagnosed. Both patients were immediately relieved of pain after a twelfth intercostal nerve block. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are needed for pain relief in patients with twelfth rib syndrome.

Proteomic analysis of whole-body responses in medaka (Oryzias latipes) exposed to benzalkonium chloride.

Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) is a cationic surfactant commonly used as a disinfectant, and is discharged into the aquatic environment by various water sources such as wastewater. BAC may also interact with potentially toxic substances such as persistent organic chemicals. Although studies of BAC contamination toxicity and bioaccumulation have been widely reported, the biochemical responses to BAC toxicity remain incompletely understood, and the detailed molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. In this study, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry-based proteomic approaches were applied to investigate the protein profiles in Oryzias latipes (medaka) chronically exposed to BAC. Fish were exposed to three different concentrations of BAC, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mg/L, for 21 days. A total of 20 proteins involved in the cytoskeleton, the oxidative stress response, the nervous and endocrine systems, signaling pathways, and cellular proteolysis were significantly upregulated by BAC exposure. The proteomic information obtained in the present study will be useful in identification of potential biomarkers for BAC toxicity, and begins to elucidate its molecular mechanisms, providing new insights into the ecotoxicity of BAC.